I am a Materials Girl

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A New England Summer

This past summer we went all over New England making stops in Nantucket, Boston, Newport, and Upstate New York. We spent the Fourth of July in Boston, Massachusetts, and learned a lot about the history of the city through various tours and other activities. We went to a Red Sox game at Fenway Park and also had the privilege of watching the Boston Pops perform live. There are various college campuses in Boston as well, so we visited Harvard and Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). One sightseeing tour we went on was the duck tour that lets you see the city on both land and water. Our tour guide did a phenomenal job and pointed out many interesting facts about Boston. When we were in Beacon Hill, one of Boston’s oldest neighborhoods, he mentioned the glass in this neighborhood. Some buildings still had original glass from the early 1800s, and he knew this because of its purple color.

Purple Glass

Between 1818 and 1824, England sent glass to Beacon Hill that had too much manganese oxide. It looked normal when first installed, but after it was exposed to sunlight, it turned purple and all of these buildings had purple glass (“The Story”). This is because the ultraviolet light from the sun initiates an electron exchange which turns the colorless glass purple. This entire batch of glass turned purple, so it is easy to identify its date of origin. All of the original glass in Beacon Hill is purple, and all of the updated glass is colorless. Boston is such a unique city with history everywhere you look. Even its glass is filled with so much history.

Here is a purple windowpane I took a picture of when we were walking through Beacon Hill (July 2023).

Works Cited

“The Story Behind Beacon Hill’s Purple Windows.” New England Living, 11 Apr. 2023, newenglandliving.tv/the-story-behind-beacon-hills-purple-windows/.

Their Story

More than half of my extended family lives in Virginia, and it is always fun to travel up there. I recently spent a week with my grandparents, which, as expected, involved a lot of card playing. They are a part of a church who decided it was their mission to collect plastic bottle caps, and through a program, create a bench. We went to their church to check out their collection, and there were more than fifteen trash bags filled with caps from bottles and containers. A nearby church had completed benches so we went and checked them out. They gave my grandparents the inspiration to do it themselves. Through Green Tree Plastics’s ABC Program my grandparents and their church are currently collecting two hundred pounds of plastic bottle caps to transform into a bench. As easy as it may sound, there are many details that are required to fulfill this final goal.

The Details with the Bottles

Two hundred pounds is a lot of bottle caps. That requires a lot of time and participators to obtain this much plastic and ultimately obtain a bench.

Step 1: Fill out a registration, like the Facebook page, and promise care for the Earth and the people who are helping with the work.

Step 2: Collect the caps by following the acceptable caps list. (Acceptable ex: milk cartons, detergent, drink bottle. Unacceptable ex: metal, soap pumps, any container). Caps must be clean and dry.

Step 3: Weigh sorted bottle caps.

Step 4: Make an appointment 3 weeks in advance, confirm the order, and contact the office through email.

Step 5: Deliver the caps and take a bench home.

This is a great program helping our Earth repurpose a material of great use and reuse: plastic. Check them out at: www.greentreeplastics.com/abc-program/ to help bottles turn to benches.

Here are bags filled with bottles in my grandparents’ church. Once they reach two hundred pounds, they will take it to Green Tree Plastics and get a bench in return.

This is what a completed bench looks like. These two benches were at a nearby church who had also done this project. Typically, the benches are grey, but there is a color option if the customer is willing to pay more.

Source

“ABC Promise Partnership.” Greentreeplastics, 30 Dec. 2021, www.greentreeplastics.com/abc-program/.

The Sustainable Shoes

I am a 14 year old girl, so it is not exactly a surprise if I said I loved shoes. I think that the variety of shoes is so fun to match with different outfits and different occasions. There are so many shoes out there, it is incredible. I am sure people are very familiar with the more popular brands like Nike or Converse. What some may not recognize are Allbirds and Rothy’s. Rothy’s are made 100% from recycled materials and Allbirds are made from fully sustainable wool. Plastic and other materials are being used all over the world and polluting the Earth. Plastic takes about 500 years to decompose, but even then, it never fully disappears. This is why it is important to repurpose plastic, and instead use more sustainable products, rather than let it go to waste. There is a huge patch of garbage in the Pacific Ocean about twice the size of Texas that just sits there because most of the trash is not biodegradable. For these reasons, plastic must not go to waste, and this is why companies such as Rothy’s and Allbirds set out to fix this sustainability problem by creating sustainable shoes.

The Materials

In 2016, Allbirds were created to make environmentally friendly and sustainable shoes. They use a soft New Zealand merino wool to create part of the shoe. They also use Allbirds Plant Leather which is said to be a sustainable alternative leather that is 100% plastic free and only contains natural materials like rubber, plant oils, and agricultural byproducts such as rice hulls and citrus peels (Husband). For the midsole of the shoe they use Allbirds’s SweetFoam derived from sugarcane. These materials help Allbirds achieve their mission of sustainable footwear for a better future. Also launching in 2016, Rothy’s has a similar goal, but instead they create their shoes from recycled materials. Rothy’s are made from single-use plastic water bottles and marine plastic (McFadden). It is said that they have helped keep 100 tons of plastic from entering the ocean (McFadden). Our environment is slowly getting covered in waste. If there are things we can do now to prevent it, we should, even if that entails buying yet another pair of shoes.

These are Rothy’s sustainable shoes and the materials used to make the shoes. Source: https://www.retailtouchpoints.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Rothys-ingredients-900×540.jpg

Source

Husband, Laura. “Allbirds, NFW Unveil Plastic-Free Plant Leather ‘Material First’ for Footwear.” Just Style, 13 Sept. 2022, www.just-style.com/news/allbirds-nfw-unveil-plastic-free-plant-leather-material-first-for-footwear/.

McFadden, Mimi. “Rothy’s Review: Are They Worth the Cost?” The Atlas Heart, 15 Feb. 2023, theatlasheart.com/rothys-review/#:~:text=Unlike%20other%20shoe%20brands%20that,in%20their%20shoes%20and%20handbags.

The Ancient City: Edinburgh, Scotland

This question has countless answers depending on where these buildings are today. Stones used in European cities are fascinating in particular. Some cities have been around for thousands of years, and it is remarkable how there are still structures around today. A very important factor of this is the stones being used to build these specific buildings. I recently went to Edinburgh, Scotland, which has records dating back to 8500 BC, and was able to witness such old landmarks firsthand. When I visited Paris, the buildings were rarely discolored and something I did not pay much attention to. When I was in Edinburgh, though, the discoloration in the stone was fascinating to me. I was not sure if this was because of the city’s age or some other factor that affected the stone.

This is a picture I took while we were in Edinburgh, Scotland of noticeably darker stones. – March 2023

The Stones

Edinburgh is made of something called craigleith sandstone which is sturdy and already fairly different in color. These stones are typically grey or brown and desirable for building structures because it is easy to work with but also reluctant to weathering (“Interesting Facts”). This allows for such ancient cities to still be around today. As for the color of the stones in Edinburgh, knowing some were already grey to begin with made sense, but still did not explain why some looked black. According to Katie Welsh, it is actually just pollution. Up until the 20th century, coal was burned in house fires and railways and thus covered buildings in soot (Welsh). This grime and soot still covers the sandstone today, which helps protect it from corrosion. I find it fascinating how all cities have different stories to share, even within the architecture. I assumed this Scottish city looked old thanks to only its age, but there are so many more factors. It is important to remember to leave no stone unturned, literally.

Source

“Interesting Facts – Sandstone.” Banas Stone. Banas Stone, 2023, www.banasstones.com/interesting-facts/309-interesting-facts-sandstone/. 
Welsh, Katie. “Edinburgh’s Iconic Scott Monument and the Reason it Can Never Get Cleaned.” edinburghlive. MGN Limited, 29 June 2021, www.edinburghlive.co.uk/news/edinburgh-news/edinburghs-iconic-scott-monument-reason-20931701.

The Rock

I play soccer and have been playing ever since I was four years old. I have tried numerous sports since then, but I have always loved soccer the most. I started playing competitively in third grade and am still on a travel team today. I also play on the varsity team for my school, The Benjamin School. I am in ninth grade, so this is my first year on this team, but last year, they made it all the way to the State Championship. This year though, we lost in penalty kicks, in the State Semi-Finals, with a disheartening loss to the NSU Sharks. With the competitive club team I am on, we participated in the Gulf Coast Invitational in Wesley Chapel, Florida. While we were driving across the state, a rock hit our car windshield and cracked a part of the glass. We continued to drive, but the crack continued to grow. I wondered why this was happening, and what made cracks expand in this type of glass. What affects cracks in car windshields?

This was the crack in our car window that continued to spread as we drove. – February 2023

The Reason

Cracks in car windshields spread and grow because of extreme temperatures (“5 Types”). As temperatures rapidly increase or decrease, the tempered or laminated glass of cars expand and contract. When this happens too quickly, stress cracks form or add on to already damaged glass (“5 Types”). Exposure to sun and wind also causes cracks to grow (“How Do”). When driving, the wind hitting the glass does not help prevent the broken glass from spreading. Thanks to excessive sunlight, wind, and increases/decreases in temperature, cracked glass can only get worse.

Source

“5 Types of Windscreen Cracks, and What They Mean for You.” Novus Glass. NOVUS Glass, 25 June 2021, www.novusglass.com/en-au/industry-insight/5-types-of-windscreen-cracks-and-what-they-mean-for-you/. Accessed 19 February 2023.

“How Do You Stop a Windshield Crack From Spreading?” BEMAC. Bemac Collision Group, 23 August 2018, www.bemac.ca/blog/how-do-you-stop-a-windshield-crack-from-spreading/. Accessed 19 February 2023.